中国考生常见的英语语法错误
发布日期：2020-12-29 作者：南昌新航道 点击：
语法是对语言进行研究后，系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则，对于我们理解和规范使用英语是很重要的。对于雅思考试来说，在口语和写作里面就明确规定了，语法是一个重要的评分点。语法对于听力和阅读来说也是很重要的，例如，阅读中会有很多长难句，句子结构的正确划分，是我们理解的一个重要前提，否则，就算句中没有生词，有时理解上会跟作者表达的意思有所偏差。本文将从句子层面总结中国学生常犯的语法错误。
主谓不一致
主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，例如，在一般现在时中，主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词也要用相应的第三人称单数形式。在写句子时，应注意句子的主语是什么，切记勿把修饰语或从句中的名词当句子的主语。
l 误把修饰语中的名词当主语
例 1：The books bought by the man was first published in 1970.
改：The books bought by the man were first published in 1970.
注解：这句话的主语为 the books，是复数，而不是修饰语 bought by the man 中的 the man，所以谓语动词应为 were，而不是 was。
l Of 结构的名词短语
例 2：The doors of the room was broken.
改：The doors of the room were broken.
注解：如果主语是“...of...”的词组，谓语的形式需要和“of”之前的名词保持一致。这句话的主语不是所有格 of 后面的 the door，核心的名词是 the doors，所以谓语动词应用复数形式的were。
l 从句当主语
例 3：How governments will address global warming have attracted the attention of the world.
改：How governments will address global warming has attracted the attention of the world.
注解：这句话的主语是个主语从句(How…warming)，而不是从句的主语 governments，主语从句可以看作是一件事情，所以谓语动词形式应用单数形式。
l 定语从句的主谓一致
例 4：He is a boy who like reading.
改：He is a boy who likes reading.
注解：定语从句中的关系代词是用来取代先行词的，在单复数上应与先行词保持一致，所以原句中的从句谓语动词 like 应与先行词 a boy 在形式上保持一致，故 like 改为 likes.
句子缺少谓语动词
例1：On the seashore, some people playing volleyball and some lying in the sun.
改：On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun.
注解：谓语动词是不可以直接由分词来充当。
例2：The answer still unknown.
改：The answer is still unknown. 或 The answer remains unknown.
注解：原句中的still是个副词，unknown 为形容词，所以少了谓语动词。
忽视平行结构
如果几个句子成分在内容和功能上相似时，我们需要让它们在形式上面保持一致，例如名词对名词，从句对从句。
例1：The best ways to maintain health are working out, taking a good rest and have a balanced diet.
改：The best ways to maintain health are working out, taking a good rest and having a balanced diet.
注解：这里的 working out，taking a rest 和 having a balanced diet 是并列的表语，形式上应保持一致，全部用动名词形式。
例2：Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also how you participate in class.
改：Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.
注解：这句话的并列结构应为based not only on…but also on…。这里并列的对象为 on how well you do on each test 和 on how you participate in class，所以 but also 后的 on 是不可以省去的。
双谓语
英语语法规定，除非有连词存在，否则一个句子基本上只能有一个谓语动词，但是由于汉语句子里是可以允许多个动词存在，所以这是中国学生最常犯的一个错误。
l There be 句型后出现动词原形
例1：There is an old man live in that room.
改：There is an old man living in that room.或There is an old man who lives in that room.
注解：There be 句型中的 be 动词已经是句子的谓语动词了，所以后面是不可以再直接出现谓语动词，可改成分词或从句。
l 动词原形做主语
例2：Play football is his favorite.
改：Playing football is his favorite.
注解：动词原形是不可以直接充当主语，需要改成相应的名词或动名词形式。
l 句子做主语
例3：The earth is round is obvious
改：It is obvious that the earth is round.
注解：一句话是不可以直接做主语的，需要加连词，改成主语从句。
l 两句话直接用逗号隔开
例4：He is a student，she is also a student.
改：He is a student. She is also a student. 或 He is a student and she is also a student.
注解：句子是以句号结束的，句号里面的句子不可以有两个谓语动词存在，有连词存在除外。
从句使用错误
l 从句缺少连词
例1：The fact, he stole the book, surprised me.
改：The fact that he stole the book surprised me.
注解：原句表达的是同位语从句的意思，而同位语从句的连词that是不可以省略的，所以应加上that，而不是用逗号隔开。
l 一个从句出现两个连词
例2：It is obvious that how he solved the problem.
改：It is obvious that he solved the problem. 或 It is obvious how he solved the problem.
注解：原句中只有一个主语从句，但却出现两个连词，所以可以根据说话人想表达的意思，删去一个连词。
l 从句单独成一句话
例3：He bought many books. Because he likes reading.
改：He bought many books because he likes reading.
注解：从句是不可以单独成一句话的，需要有主句存在。像while这样的连词，也是一样，所以也不能直接说While books account for 14%.
l 误把副词当连词
例4：He is a student, however, she a teacher.
改：He is a student. However, she a teacher.
注解：有些学生会把一些诸如however，meanwhile, thus这样的副词，当做是连词来使用，直接连接两个句子，这是错误的。当不确定某个词的词性是需要查阅一下词典。
l 从句少谓语动词
例5：Museums are places where visitors experiencing local cultures.
改：Museums are places where visitors can experience local cultures.
注解：从句本质上也是个句子变化而来的，所以是不能缺少谓语动词的，experiencing是分词形式，属于非谓语动词，所以原句是错的。
l 分词使用错误
在使用分词时要注意的就是它的逻辑主语，当分词位于句首作状语时，逻辑主语需与句子主语一样;其次需要注意的是应该用现在分词还是过去分词。分词与逻辑主语是主动关系时用现在分词;被动则用过去分词。
l 逻辑主语不一致
例1：Waiting for the bus, a bike hit me.
改：Waiting for the bus, I was hit by a bike.
注解：原句分词 waiting 的逻辑主语是 I，而不是 a bike，所以若分词结构不变，主句只能改成I做主语。当然，这个句子也可以改成状语从句 When I was waiting for the bus, a bike hit me.
l 现在分词与过去分词用混
例2：Giving another chance, he would do better.
改：Given another chance, he would do better.
注解：原文中的he应该是被给机会，而不是给别人机会，所以为被动，应该成过去分词。
结语：在我们写文章碰到谓语动词时，应句子是否有谓语动词，谓语动词是否满足主谓一致，是否出现双谓语。写从句时，需要检查连词是够选择正确，还有从句的结构是否完整。用分词是，需要注意逻辑主语是否一致，现在和过去分词的选择是够正确。
